Ferrara

Unicorns of Ferrara

“Allegory of Life” or “Apologist of the Unicorn” panel in the Cathedral Museum of Ferrara. Mid-13th century. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

“Allegory of Life” or “Apologist of the Unicorn” panel in the Cathedral Museum of Ferrara. Mid-13th century. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Symbolic animals—particularly those representing religious figures, places, powerful families, or moral qualities—are common decorative motifs in medieval and Renaissance art and architecture throughout Italy. Unicorns, however, remain rare in even this extensive bestiary. So when they kept popping up in Ferrara, I (and the 12 year old still inside me) took note.

The Estes, who held power in the region from the 13th to 16th centuries, seem to have adopted the unicorn—particularly the unicorn with its horn pointed downward in a pose of purification—as one of their family symbols to highlight both their land reclamation projects (occurring primarily in the 14th–16th centuries) and their ability to bring peace and prosperity to the region. The sumptuous Renaissance Bible of Borso d’Este (1455–61), for instance, includes images of a unicorn using its horn to purify water. Borso commissioned the book a few years after succeeding his half-brother as Duke of Modena, probably as a particularly beautiful piece of propaganda to secure and expand his political role. Significantly, he brought the bible with him to Rome in 1471, where Pope Paul II bestowed upon him the additional title of Duke of Ferrara.

However, at least one of the examples we came across (see 8th century relief, below) pre-dates the Este family’s rise to power in the region. This suggests the Estes didn’t bring the image of the unicorn with them so much as grafted their familial mythology onto a symbol that was already established and well-understood in the region. In so doing, they both increased the prevalence of unicorn imagery in their home city and co-opted the unicorn’s attributes as their own.

Painting in the Palazzina Marfisa d’Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Painting in the Palazzina Marfisa d’Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Podium or wall fragment made between the late 8th–early 9th centuries in Ravenna and currently in Ferrara’s Cathedral Museum. The animals at the bottom appear to be a unicorn (left) and a lion (right). Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Podium or wall fragment made between the late 8th–early 9th centuries in Ravenna and currently in Ferrara’s Cathedral Museum. The animals at the bottom appear to be a unicorn (left) and a lion (right). Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Ceiling and wall decoration in Este Castle featuring a unicorn. Ferrara, Italy. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Ceiling and wall decoration in Este Castle featuring a unicorn. Ferrara, Italy. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Keystone with the “Este unicorn,” representing purification and, more specifically, the Este’s land reclamation projects in the region. Museum of Casa Romei, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Keystone with the “Este unicorn,” representing purification and, more specifically, the Este’s land reclamation projects in the region. Museum of Casa Romei, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Banner with the Este unicorn on display at Casa Romei, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Banner with the Este unicorn on display at Casa Romei, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Stunning ceilings of Ferrara

Detail of the Treasure Room ceiling in Palazzo Costabili (aka, Palazzo di Ludovico il Moro), Ferrara. Fresco by Benvenuto Tisi, called il Garofalo, from 1506. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Detail of the Treasure Room ceiling in Palazzo Costabili (aka, Palazzo di Ludovico il Moro), Ferrara. Fresco by Benvenuto Tisi, called il Garofalo, from 1506. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Italy has no shortage of richly painted ceilings (see previous posts about Florence, Siena, Ravenna, and Vicenza for examples), but these frescoed wonders seem especially concentrated in Ferrara, where several Renaissance-era palazzos have opened their doors as public museums. The result is an almost overwhelming presence of densely decorated interiors that compliment, and even compete with, the eye-level displays.

Mirror reflecting one of many frescoed ceilings in Castello Estense, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Mirror reflecting one of many frescoed ceilings in Castello Estense, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Ceiling of the Ducal Chapel in Castello Estense, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Ceiling of the Ducal Chapel in Castello Estense, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Ceiling in Palazzo Costabili (aka, Palazzo di Ludovico il Moro), Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Ceiling in Palazzo Costabili (aka, Palazzo di Ludovico il Moro), Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Loggia degli Aranci (1560–70), Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Loggia degli Aranci (1560–70), Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Renaissance-Baroque interior of Chiesa di Santa Maria in Vado, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Renaissance-Baroque interior of Chiesa di Santa Maria in Vado, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Castello Estense, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Castello Estense, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Detail of the Treasure Room ceiling in Palazzo Costabili (aka, Palazzo di Ludovico il Moro), Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Detail of the Treasure Room ceiling in Palazzo Costabili (aka, Palazzo di Ludovico il Moro), Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Detail of a ceiling in Palazzo Costabili (aka, Palazzo di Ludovico il Moro), Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Detail of a ceiling in Palazzo Costabili (aka, Palazzo di Ludovico il Moro), Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

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Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Palazzina Marfisa d'Este, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Chiesa di Santa Maria in Vado, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.

Chiesa di Santa Maria in Vado, Ferrara. Photo by Renée DeVoe Mertz.